GENETIC DIVERSITY OF TOABRÉ NATIVE RICE, PANAMA: MOLECULAR ANALYSIS USING ISSR MARKERS
Abstract
Rice is the world’s most important food crop, and global demand is expected to continue increasing. In developing regions, local or creole cultivars represent valuable genetic resources, as they may harbor adaptive traits suited to specific environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to assess the genetic diversity of 31 creole rice accessions from Toabré, Panama, using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. The experiment was conducted at the IDIAP Agrobiotechnology Laboratory in Divisa, Panama, during 2022–2023. Genomic DNA was extracted from healthy rice seedlings, and sixteen ISSR primers were used to amplify polymorphic bands. Genetic diversity parameters (I′, H, Fst, Na, Ne, h, uh, and PIC) were estimated using NTSYSpc, POPGENE, and GENALEX v6.4, and genetic relationships were examined using a UPGMA dendrogram. Of the sixteen primers evaluated, fifteen yielded 775 bands, corresponding to 148 loci, with a polymorphism rate of 95.95%. The Shannon diversity index (I′) ranged from 0.1425 to 0.6926, while expected heterozygosity (H) varied between 0.020 and 0.252. Cluster analysis identified five genetic groups, with an average similarity coefficient of 0.726; several accessions exhibited complete similarity (1.0). Approximately 64% of pairwise comparisons showed similarity values greater than 0.900, indicating low overall genetic diversity. These results suggest that the Toabré native rice accessions analyzed exhibit limited genetic variability, possibly due to their restricted geographic origin and small sample size. Nevertheless, ISSR markers proved to be an effective tool for characterizing genetic diversity in native rice populations from northern Penonomé.
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